Half the world could become unliveable

Global warming could make half the world’s inhabited areas too hot to live in and southern Europe may be turned into semi-desert, climate experts warned at a scientific congress in Copenhagen.

Marianne Bom:

The human body is unable to sweat as much as may be needed in half the world’s inhabited areas at the end of the century. If pollution by greenhouse gases continues to rise huge areas will become 'unliveable', Steven Sherwood, a climate expert at Yale University, said at a scientific climate congress in Copenhagen, Denmark.

The human body will simply reach its physiological limits if the average temperature rises by 7 degrees Celsius in some places of the Earth, said Sherwood, on Thursday, according to The Guardian.
There will be some places on Earth where it would simply be impossible to lose heat," Sherwood said. "This is quite imaginable if we continue burning fossil fuels. I don't see any reason why we wouldn't end up there.

According to the 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the average temperature could rise by 6 degrees Celsius this century if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise at current rates.Climate change could also lead to severe droughts every other year and semi-desert in Europe at the end of the century, if temperature rises by four degrees Celsius, said climate expert at the University of East Anglia Rachel Warren. Climate change could turn off rainfall in Spain, Portugal, southern Italy, Greece and numerous other countries, leaving large areas of land from Portugal to Ukraine, as well as southern England, severely affected.

At the congress Rachel Warren was asked what life would be like in those areas. Hell, I should think. It is incomprehensible to imagine adapting to that level of drought,« Warren replied according to The Guardian.

European leadership on the road to Copenhagen

The financial and economic crisis continues to dominate the news, and understandably so. In the short term we all face a painful reduction in global prosperity. But in the long term perhaps the greatest threat of all – not only to our prosperity but also to the survival of millions of people in vulnerable areas of the globe – comes from climate change. by Stavros Dimas, European Commissioner for the Environment

The Lincoln Plan about climate change

Climate change is a complex issue, but it can be summarized rather simply: the consensus of science is that global warming is a threat (1); the consensus of economics is that a carbon tax would be a cost-effective remedy (2). A carbon tax is a charge for emitting carbon dioxide (CO2), the main heat-trapping culprit.

For the last several years Ecological Internet has proposed a small U.S. government federal charge initially of $5 per ton of carbon emitted as CO2, which for gasoline is about 1 cent per gallon. Since Lincoln's portrait appears on both the penny and the $5 bill, the plan goes under his name - the "Lincoln Plan". A fundamental question in addressing climate change is whether cap-and-trade or a carbon tax would be more cost-effective. For a discussion of this matter, please see the following articles: Limiting Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Prices Versus Caps and After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming.

$5/ton is a very good starting point for a carbon charge - it would allow implementation mechanisms to be developed, and is modest enough to be politically achievable. Most of the revenue from the tax would be used to pay for measures to reduce CO2 emissions such as conserving forests, increasing energy efficiency, and adopting cleaner energy supplies.

As a stepping-stone to a $5 carbon tax, the U.S. Congress could give the public discounts on such things as compact fluorescent lights and 100 mpg vehicles. The cost would be about $1.5 billion. Congress could also announce that once a tax (or cap) was passed the discounts would be tripled. So most households could easily make more money on rebates and energy savings than the tax would cost them.

The size of the charge could then be increased as needed. Extra revenue from a charge over $5/ton would be used mostly to lower other taxes -- the plan would tax pollution rather than employment and savings.

From $5/ton, the carbon price could rise $10 a year for six or seven years, and $5 a year after that. By 2015 the charge would reach $75/ton of carbon, or about $20/ton of CO2. This is around 20 cents per gallon of gasoline and 2 cents per kWh of electricity from traditional coal-fired plants. A price trajectory such as this would appear to be reasonable. And it would greatly speed up the adoption of current low-carbon technologies and the development of new ones.

Further boosting the plan's attractiveness would be its considerable side benefits. Saving forests, particularly tropical forests (3) would help safeguard the majority of Earth's species; efficiency gains could save us a lot of money (4) while reducing dependence upon overseas sources of energy; and moving to cleaner energy supplies would reduce harmful pollutants of many kinds. Indeed, these ancillary benefits are so large that the plan would be worth trying even apart from its core benefit of climate protection.

Sensible climate protection should, indeed, be profitable. As Amory Lovins writes, "If properly done, climate protection would actually reduce costs, not raise them. Using energy more efficiently offers an economic bonanza...because saving fossil fuel is a lot cheaper than buying it."

In short, the Lincoln Plan could handle a serious problem with great effectiveness and at low, even negative, cost. Those who would like to contact a legislator or write a letter to the editor in support of the plan may forward this page or quote from it as they wish.

UPDATE, 2008
It now seems advisable to ramp up the carbon price more quickly than was envisioned above--perhaps $5 per metric ton of CO2 (about 5 cents a gallon of gas) for the first year; $10 for the second and third years; and $5 for the fourth. This builds on British Columbia, Canada's schedule of $10,5,5,5, and 5.

Indonesia to sell carbon credits to conserve forests

Indonesia has applied to join a World Bank programme intended to help developing nations fight deforestation by selling traceable carbon credits. International climate negotiators are working to allow developing nations the right to sell some carbon credits if they clamp down on deforestation, which is responsible for roughly 20% of global greenhouse-gas emissions.

The World Bank's US$300-million Forest Carbon Partnership Facility is designed to lay the groundwork for such an international agreement.

The programme already includes 25 countries, but Indonesia, the world's third-largest greenhouse-gas emitter, had remained on the sidelines until it applied in February. The bank estimates that the country could earn between US$ 400 million and $2 billion selling credits for protecting forests.

Is there a technological solution for global warming?

A German research ship, the Polarstern, is steaming towards a region off the coast of Argentina in the South Atlantic, where it intends to release six tons of iron sulphate over an area of 115 square miles. The scientists point out that this supports the idea that iron-rich seas result in greater amounts of carbon being sequestered in deep layers, because atmospheric carbon dioxide is drawn into the sea by the vast blooms of plankton at the surface.

The flood due to Global Warming risks California

Sea level rise compelled by global warming could flood parts of the California coast in coming decades. The report by an independent Oakland research group, the Pacific Institute, says that nearly half a million people statewide and 110,000 in Orange County could be at risk by the year 2100 under some climate change scenarios. In Orange County which means a 55 percent increase over those already known to be at risk for a 100-year flood.

The level of risk is going to increase in the future and there are folks already in the flood plain who are going to experience increased risk. It will reach higher and reach further inland in some cases. The strategy is to look at different sectors of the economy -agriculture, energy, water supply, forestry, parks, transportation. It helps the climate action team focus priorities for informed policy. The study says that the rise in sea level of four to five feet would place an additional 220,000 people statewide at risk in a 100-year flood event from 260,000 estimated to be at risk in 2000 to 480,000.Nearly a quarter of those would be in Orange County, the study says, although Los Angeles, Monterey, San Mateo, Sonoma and Ventura counties would have significant populations at risk as well.

In all, some $100 billion in buildings would be placed at risk along the California coast. The flooding could affect roads, hospitals, schools, emergency facilities and railroads. Wetlands and natural ecosystems also could be destroyed by changes in sea level.

Potential costs in Orange County, part of the estimated $17 billion total, include $14 billion in residential costs, $2.3 billion for commercial facilities, $610 million for industrial facilities, and $110 million each for educational and religious facilities. Because of these the actual market costs could be several times higher. Even places that are not directly subject to flooding could suffer erosion because of sea level rise. And sea level rise in Northern California could have troubling effects in the south. Increased salinity in the California delta could reduce supplies of drinking water piped to Southern California.

The report draws a distinction between mitigation measures to reduce the effects of global warming, such as reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and “adaptations” to coming changes along the coast -changes that will be inevitable, even if we reduced greenhouse gas emissions to zero tomorrow.

California is already moving to cut greenhouse gas emissions. But a variety of stakeholders, including those involved in everything from shipping, boating and recreation to habitat conservation, must come together. The choices we make in the next few years are going to have a big bearing on whether this plays itself out or not, both in terms of mitigation- greenhouse gas reduction -and in terms of adaptation.

Environment: Algae Against Climate Change?

ntil very recently, the proliferation algae was interpreted as an undesirable consequence of the overuse of agro-chemicals, whose immediate results included skin irritation in humans and the death of aquatic fauna from lack of oxygen.

But their potential for absorbing one of the principal greenhouse gases - which cause global climate change - could be crucial for avoiding environmental catastrophes. Like terrestrial plants, the algae consume carbon during photosynthesis.

"We took algae from the ocean, we put it in plastic containers in greenhouses, where we fed it with carbon dioxide produced by conventional electric generators," explained Laurenz Thomsen, a bio-geologist from Jacobs University in the northern German city of Bremen.

"Exposed to solar light, the algae transform the carbon dioxide into biomass that can later be used as biodiesel, whose combustion doesn't emit greenhouse gases," he added. The Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Project (GGMP) is coordinated by Thomsen, with cooperation from the Bremen polytechnic university, the Alfred Wegener Institute for Marine Research, and several companies, including the European electricity supplier E.ON.

Thomsen has dubbed the small greenhouse "Algenreactor", set up at Jacobs University, where the algae transform carbon dioxide into organic fuel. The project is operating at the experimental phase, producing just a half-litre of biofuel. "The diesel that we refine here is absolutely organic. It satisfies the European standards. I'm confident that we will be able to move on to an industrial phase in the coming months," he added.

Fritz Henken-Mellier, director of the Farge thermoelectric plant just outside Bremen, agrees with that prediction. Some of the carbon dioxide emissions from this coal-fired generator were captured by GGMP. "Surely we need to build a much bigger greenhouse, covering hundreds of square metres, so that the capture of carbon dioxide and the production of biofuel correspond to the scope of a commercial energy plant," he said in an interview for this report.

Henken-Mellier calculates that "the capture of just 10 percent of the gases emitted by the Farge plant means a reduction of 600 tonnes daily of carbon dioxide." According to Thomsen, the area of a greenhouse capable of absorbing the carbon dioxide from a 350-megawatt electrical plant and transforming it into biofuel would have to be 25 square kilometres and would cost some 480 million dollars.

The sum is small compared to the cost of conventional crops to produce biofuel and reduce toxic gases at a scale similar to that of the "algae-based reactor." An equivalent planting of rapeseed, for example, could cost as much as 25 times more.

But Thomsen's project doesn't convince everyone. "Those calculations are very ingenuous," said Karl-Herrman Steinberg, director of one of Europe's leading algae producers, located in the northern German city of Kloetze.

"The costs of growing algae, the elimination of the water and distillation of the combustible oil are very high for this to be profitable on an industrial scale," said Steinberg.

Thomsen admits that the location of the greenhouses should be decided based on available sunshine. In northern Germany, with relatively few hours of sunlight, the model would not work. "The greenhouses would have to be built in the south and southeast of Europe," he said.

"We are already negotiating with German and foreign firms, from Brazil and India, which manage large algae crops," he added. The GGMP is not the only project of its kind. During the first global oil crisis, in the 1970s, U.S. scientists came up with a similar process for transforming algae into bio fuel. But the attempt was abandoned in 1996, when low oil prices erased the incentives to study organic fuels.

Now, with the current energy and environmental crisis, the U.S. company Green Fuel, in the north-eastern state of Massachusetts, is planning a greenhouse to cover at least one square kilometer for 2009. Isaac Berzin, of Green Fuel, says that to capture the carbon dioxide released by a 1,000 gigawatt generate would require an algae greenhouse between eight and 16 square km, which could produce more than 150 million liters of bio-diesel and 190 million liters of ethanol.

Scientists explore role of algae in climate change

The Arctic Ocean could be a sink for carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas linked to global climate change, say scientists studying the marine ecosystem. Researchers from Canada and nine other countries are on board the Amundsen icebreaker off Baffin Island. They're studying the exchange of carbon dioxide between the ocean and the atmosphere, which they say is key to understanding climate change.

As part of the research, an instrument called a rosette is raised from the seabed of Lancaster Sound, stopping at different depths to add water into each of its 24 bottles. It's just 4 a.m. – as Jean-Eric Trembly of Montreal's McGill University prepares to study the samples to learn more about phytoplankton. The tiny photosynthetic algae are an important food source in the Arctic marine ecosystem. They also absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. As sea ice shrinks from warming, the algae could play an important role in slowing climate change, said Tremblay.

"The more open water there is, the more the phytoplankton are able to consume carbon dioxide and limit the effect of the greenhouse gas over the Arctic Ocean," he said. "This is one of the loops that we are looking at, but the net effect of all these processes is not known at present."

Scientists are also looking at the full cycle of carbon as it moves through the food chain, said Karine Lacoste of the Ocean Science Institute in Rimouski, Que. She explained that they're trying to determine what the capacity of the ecosystem is for taking out extra carbon dioxide from cars and industry. Lacoste and Tremblay say they're working to understand if there is more carbon dioxide going into the ocean than coming out, and how melting sea ice may effect the cycle.

Climate Change Risk Underestimated

The climate change science keeps on getting clearer, and it is not pretty. A new study by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences updating a 2001 assessment by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change that looked at temperature changes and the risks they pose, found the risks of negative impacts of climate change on humans and nature are larger than just a few years ago. The new study found that even small changes of global mean temperatures could produce the kinds of conditions singled out as "reasons for concern" in the 2001 assessment, such as damage to coral reefs or endangered species; and extreme weather events like cyclones, heat waves or droughts.

Humanity, the Earth, and our sister species are at a crossroads. We can continue to willfully downplay the dangers posed by climate change, or we can organize and resist in order to achieve the policies necessary to maintain our shared biosphere and thus our shared being. We know we must reduce human population and inequitable consumption. There is no future for logging old forests and burning coal. And energy efficiency, conservation and renewable are the only road to keeping the lights on. We can pursue these sufficient ecological policies with a revolutionary spirit of action, or we can roll over and die. We still have the power and time to stop this crisis, but just barely. Commit yourselves to a New Earth Rising.

Escalation of global Warming menace the universe

An international team of climate experts said that, the earth would not have to glow-up as much as had been thought to cause serious consequences of global warming, including more extreme weather and increasing threats to plants and animals. The risk of increased severe weather would rise with a increasing global average temperature between 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit and 3.6 degrees above 1990 levels. The National Climatic Data Center currently reports that global temperatures have risen 0.22 degree since 1990.

According to the recent research report, increases in drought, heat waves and floods are cautious in many regions and would have adverse impacts, including increased water stress, wildfire frequency and flood risks starting at less than 1.8 degrees.

Another research had found that, the liability of the 2003 heat wave in Europe led to the death of many number of people extensively increased by the growth of greenhouse gas. Now humans are adding carbon to the atmosphere even faster than in the 1990s. Carbon emissions have been growing at 3.5 percent per year since 2000, up sharply from the 0.9 percent per year in the 1990s.Carbon dioxide and other gases added to the air by industrial and other activities have been blamed for rising temperatures, increasing worries about possible major changes in weather and climate. The new study found evidence of greater susceptibility to climate change for specific populations, such as the poor and elderly, in not only developing but also developed countries.

Hurricane Katrina and the 2003 European heat wave have shown to us the capacity, to adapt climate-related extreme events which is minimal than we expected. As a result, their liabilities are higher than previously thought.

Papua New Guinea Rainforests Deeply Threatened

The nation's future carbon payments for avoided deforestation in doubt. As a global leader in promoting such payments,the PNG government would be well advised to focus upon better protecting its rain forests, if it wants to fully access carbon monies based upon their continued carbon storage.

An important new study in the journal "Biotropica" finds that between 1972 and 2002, a net 15 percent of Papua New Guinea's (PNG) rain forests were cleared and 8.8 percent were degraded through logging. The clearance rate of 1.1 to 3.4 percent per year in commercially accessible forests is much higher than reported previously by the FAO.

PNG located in the South Pacific, northeast of Australia holds some of the world's largest and most important intact and contiguous forests. Their fate has important implications for local livelihoods and biodiversity, and both local and global climate change. The new study quantifies forest loss in PNG for the first time with a high degree of accuracy. And the findings are not good.

Some 36% of the accessible forest estate has been degraded or deforested. This finding raises the question of whether the PNG government has a welcome leader in promoting avoided deforestation payments is pursuing the necessary policies to ensure large rain forests continue to exist as the basis for their country to receive large and continuous international payments for their forest's carbon storage.The study found that change in PNG rain forest extent and condition has occurred to a greater extent than previously recorded.The study assessed deforestation and forest degradation in Papua New Guinea by comparing a land-cover map from 1972 with a land-cover map created from nationwide high-resolution satellite imagery recorded since 2002. In 2002 there were 28,251,967 ha of tropical rain forest.

Between 1972 and 2002,a net 15 percent of Papua New Guinea's tropical forests were cleared and 8.8 percent were degraded through logging. The drivers of forest change have been concentrated within the accessible forest estate where a net 36 percent were degraded or deforested through both forestry and non forestry processes.

It was estimated that over the period 1990-2002, overall rates of change generally increased and varied between 0.8 and 1.8 percent/yr, while rates in commercially accessible forest have been far higher having varied between 1.1 and 3.4 percent per year. The study concluded that rapid and substantial forest change has occurred in Papua New Guinea, with the major drivers being logging in the lowland forests and subsistence agriculture throughout the country with comparatively minor contributions from forest fires, plantation establishment, and mining.

Ecological Internet provides the world's largest and most used climate and environment portals at http://www.climateark.org and http://www.ecoearth.info. Dr. Glen Barry is a leading global spokesperson on behalf of environmental sustainability policy. He frequently conducts interviews on the latest climate, forest and water policy developments and can be reached for comment at:

Ecological Internet calls upon PNG to immediately reappraise its logging, bio fuel and agriculture policies; to ensure maximum amounts of fully intact forests are available for anticipated international carbon market funding to stop deforestation and diminished, and for continued non-diminishing traditional local uses. First time industrial logging of primary forests releases huge amounts of stored carbon and permanently reduces the forest's carbon holding potential. Clearly industrial forestry, certified or not, is a dying industry with no future.

Carbon Markets are Collapsing in Europe

Revolving for the great pollution fire sale, the furthermost outlook to debris the climate on the cheap. Last summer it cost an eye watering 31 vpounds to throw up your smokestack, but in our give-away global recession sale been slashed to a crazy 8.20 pounds.Compare our offer with costly solar energy. At this low, low price you can't afford not to burn coal.

Europe's carbon markets are in collapse.Yet the jeer of escaping gas is almost inaudible.You can't see or hear a market for a pollutant fall.But at stake is what was supposed to be a central lever in the world's effort to turn back climate change.Intended to price fossil fuels out of the market, the system is instead turning them into the rational economic choice.something that exists called carbon trading which we all know. Europe has created carbon exchanges,and traders who buy and sell. Few but the professionals, however, know that this market is now failing to edge up the cost of emitting CO2. The theory sounded fine in the boom years, back when Nicholas Stern described climate change as "the biggest market failure in history"

A year ago European governments disorderly a limited number of carbon emission permits to their big polluters permits to ones that need more. As demand outstrips this capped supply, and the price of permits rises, an incentive grows to invest in green energy.All this only works as the carbon price lifts.A lot of the blame lies with governments that signed up to carbon trading as a neat idea, but then indulged polluters with luxurious quantities of permits. A tonne of carbon has dropped to about 8 pounds, down from last year's summer peak of 31 pounds and far below the 30-45 pounds range at which renewable can collide with fossil fuels.

The lesson of the carbon bust is that markets can be a passage, but not a substitute, for political will. They only work when properly primed and regulated.Europe hoped that the mere creation of a carbon market would drive everyone away from fossil fuels.It forgot that charge had to outstrip supply, and that if growth stops, demand drops too.

Carbon trading remains at the heart of the international response to climate change. Obama backs what Americans call cap and trade. Australia wants to try the same thing. But both are hesitating, given Europe's mess.The conclusive way would be to cut the number of circulating permits, but no government will be courageous to do that. And private initiatives such as Sandbag, which encourages individuals to buy and lock away permits which can exert little pressure on price in a market awash with them.

First of all the Europe must end importing permits from countries like Russia.No one really believes that 15m tonnes of imported permits will not still be emitted by a steelworks somewhere east of Novosibirsk. Second, it must publish plans to crack down on the surplus of permits when the recession is over. Like medieval pardoners handing out unlimited indulgences, governments have created a over. Europe's whizz-bang carbon market is turning sub-prime.

Which generates climatic change?

The earth's climate is influenced by many factors, such as the amount of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere, the amount of energy coming from the sun or the properties the Earth's surface. Changes in those factors, through human-related or natural processes, have a warming or a cooling effect on the planet because they alter how much of this solar energy is retained or reflected back to space.

The concentrations in the atmosphere of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have all increased markedly since 1750, and now exceed by far their pre-industrial levels.

Carbon dioxide is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Its concentration in the atmosphere (379 ppm in 2005) is now far higher than the natural range over the last 650 000 years (180 to 300 ppm) and is growing faster than ever since the beginning of its continuous direct measurement in 1960, mainly due to fossil fuel use and to a lesser extent to land use change. For instance, emissions of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel use increased from 6.4 Gt per year in the 90s to 7.2 Gt of carbon per year over the period 2000-2005. Concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere have also greatly increased since pre-industrial times, and those increases are mostly due to human activities such as agriculture and fossil fuel use.

The effect on climate of each of the different drivers is expressed in terms of "radiative forcing", with positive forcing causing a warming of the surface and negative forcing a cooling of it. The overall effect of human activities since 1750 is very likely (> 90% certainty) to be one of warming, with an estimated increase of energy, or radiative forcing, of 1.6 Watt per square meter over the whole planet. The relative contribution of various factors can be seen in figure 2. The main warming drivers are the various greenhouse gases and it is likely that the warming that they cause has been increasing during the industrial era at a higher rate than at any time over the last 10 000 years. The main cooling drivers are aerosols and the changes in cloud cover that they cause

Earth's Leading Climate Change Portal Turns 10 Years Old

The Climate Ark Climate Change Portal at turned ten years old this new year. Tens of millions of users have and continue to enjoy the Internet's best climate search, news feeds, blogging and action alerts. Ecological Internet has been campaigning for sufficient climate policies and been a critic of global environmental policy since Al Gore actually had the power to do something about climate change.

To mark the event, Ecological Internet's President, Dr. Glen Barry, has recommenced writing biocentric, deeply thought provoking and critically acclaimed "Earth Meanders" essays at http://www.ecoearth.info/earthmeanders/. "There is a real hunger for truthful and ambitious solutions to climate change and the many other global ecological crises that threaten planetary annihilation," notes Dr. Barry.

"After much urging and a bit of a break, I am back meandering freely regarding the failure of the environmental movement and espousing a bio centric and sufficient environmental paradigm. I am going to continue speaking shrilly and forcefully regarding necessary actions to achieve global ecological sustainability. And this time it will be as a project of Ecological Internet. Expect more challenging ecological free thinking, remembering they are essays primarily meant to spur discussion."

To diversify funding at the decade mark, Climate Ark has broken with the past and begun to accept tasteful amounts of Google advertising. "This was a difficult decision, after nearly 20 years of ad free Internet activism, but it is crucial we take all measures to remain operational, as the Earth needs bright green biocentric advocacy as never before," explains Dr. Barry.

It is hoped site users will regularly click on advertisements in which they are genuinely interested, and thus financially support Ecological Internet's non-profit work. And report inappropriate ads that may be presented in their location so they can be blocked. Ecological Internet's end-of-year fund-raising drive has nearly completed, and is only a few thousand dollars short of its goal. Donations can still be made at http://www.climateark.org/shared/donate/.

Ecological Internet provides the world's largest and most used climate and environment portals at http://www.climateark.org/ and http://www.ecoearth.info/. Dr. Glen Barry is a leading global spokesperson on behalf of environmental sustainability policy. He frequently conducts interviews on the latest climate, forest and water policy developments and can be reached at: glenbarry@ecologicalinternet.org.

Climate Change Worse Than Thought

A biosphere cannot be engineered quite a week in climate science. Ends up global warming is accelerating more at a much faster pace, causing more environmental damage, than predicted even a few years ago. Continued use of coal is denounced as "death factories" . And crop-based bio fuels are speeding up global warming by fueling the destruction of rain forests .

These warnings comes from highly respected mainstream scientists, and illustrate how the science has progressed to indicate global ecological crises are much more dire than even recent worst case scenarios. Of course many of us have known climate change will be abrupt, and that maintaining standing rainforests and ending use of coal, would be keystone climate change responses for decades; but been stonewalled by media, government and mainstream and even radical environmental bureaucracies. It is clear that the IPCC report of 2007 is already dated, and we cannot wait until 2014 to finalize the next.

The Earth has found its voice. Unless action to topple industrial polluters and destroyers are taken immediately we are all going to die. Failure to address climate change is largely due to society's inability to transform itself, including away from coal and FSC certification of old growth forest logging. Much of the environmental movement is duped, incompetent or sold out -- or some combination of the above. Few dare to demand reducing human population and inequitable consumption immediately, which clearly is necessary to maintain a livable Earth. Without thinking big and becoming more aggressive in demanding social change, we are in for a world of hurt.

Ancient Forests Absorb 20% of Human's Carbon, Logging and Other Industrial Destruction of Old Forests Must Stop Now

Ecological Internet welcomes the emerging science published today in "Nature" indicating tropical trees in undisturbed forest are absorbing nearly a fifth of the CO2 released by burning fossil fuels.This is in addition to the long-term carbon sequestered within old trees' wood and soils. This is the most recent of several major scientific studies indicating the need to fully protect all remaining primary and old growth forests as a keystone response to global climate, biodiversity and water crises.

"This is huge -- not only do ancient rainforest's reliably store massive amounts of carbon, as we have known for sometime, but they continue to remove enormous amounts of carbon every day they remain standing and are non-degraded. The study partially solves the mystery of where human carbon pollution has been going, and in so doing supports the need for avoided deforestation payments," said Dr. Glen Barry, Ecological Internet's President.

It was found that remaining tropical forests remove a massive 4.8 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions from the atmosphere each year. This includes a previously unknown carbon sink in Africa, which mops up 1.2 billion tonnes of CO2 a year. Over the past 40 years, each hectare of intact African forest was found to have annually trapped an extra 0.6 tonnes of carbon. This builds upon last year's studies that found old-growth forests are "carbon sinks" and continually absorb carbon dioxide, and that their first time logging releases 40 percent of their carbon

"We are receiving a free subsidy from nature," says Dr. Simon Lewis, a Royal Society research fellow at the University of Leeds, and the lead author of the paper. "Tropical forest trees are absorbing about 18% of the CO2 added to the atmosphere each year from burning fossil fuels, substantially buffering the rate of climate change."

Dr. Lee White, co-author on the study, said "to get an idea of the value of the sink, the removal of nearly 5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by intact tropical forests, based on realistic prices for a tonne of carbon, should be valued at around £13 billion ($USD 18.7 billlion) per year. This is a compelling argument for conserving tropical forests."

The findings critically demolish claims by groups as diverse as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), World Bank, Rainforest Action Network (RAN), Greenpeace and WWF that "well-managed, responsible and low-impact" logging in the world's dwindling ancient forests can ever have environmental benefits. Over the past two years, each has been the target of Ecological Internet's campaign to end old growth forest logging, which is "certified" by FSC as being "green".

Late last year RAN agreed to review their long-time support for first time industrial logging of ancient forests. When Lafcadio Cortesi, RAN's new rainforest campaigner, was asked to comment upon the Nature report, he replied it is a "bit of a stretch and certainly premature to link. the nature paper findings with RAN and the FSC." He refused to answer the question "how does logging 500 year old ancient trees protect rainforests and the climate," continuing two years of RAN stonewalling on the most basic of questions regarding their support for FSC ancient forest logging.

EI President, Dr. Glen Barry, said "the science has never been clearer: global ecological sustainability depends critically upon protecting and restoring old forests. How much longer can RAN and the world dither? Our demand of RAN remains the same: either use your membership to get FSC to eliminate their sourcing of certified timbers from ancient forests, or resign immediately from FSC in protest."

"Sadly, our campaign resumes after failure by RAN to keep their earlier promises. We call upon RAN members to resign, and their funders to stop their support, in protest of America's leading rainforest group supporting -- against a growing body of ecological science -- first time industrial destruction of primeval forests. EI will be taking further protest action at a place and time of our choosing."

GLOBAL WARMING THRETENS TO RAISE SEA LEVEL

Rising sea levels make our nation disappear literally. But this fate awaits millions of people as global warming threatens to raise the level of sea. According to Koko Warner of the UN University, 24 million people around the world have become the refugees of the climate. "The international Organization for Migration"have estimated that the many people were forced to come out of their home because of the drastic climatic changes like lower agricultural outputs, drought,flood, storms, rising sea levels and many more.These thing will reach two hundred million by 2050.

This fact is really fearful for the people who leads their life in island around the world. Kolkatta-based environmentalist,Mr. Subhas datta had said that, the global power must end this complacency and tackle this crises on the war footing.Rising of sea levels may eventually wash some parts of the world map.In the year 2008, the UN,s intergovernmental panel of climatic change shortly IPCC warned that rise in sea levels 18 to 59 centimeters by 2100 would be enough to make the Maldives and Tuvalu virtually inhabitable.

The current president of Maldives, Mr.Mohammed Anni Nasheed asked his government to start saving in order to buy a new homeland for his country people. But it is not only a problem of rising sea level, even two degree centigrade increase would cause a significant bleaching of the coral reefs, which would devastate our food supply and livelihood.

Frequent hurricane will spoil the low-lying agricultural land. In the carribian tourism which is often considered to be the backbone of the entire region's economy could be affected due to this. In order to avoid these happenings, the developed nations should take immediate steps to cut down pollution. This can be done by bringing down Green house gas emission. The world need to change the way it produces and consumes energy. The proper measures should be taken in order to stop the new thermal power plant and shift the focus for energy consumption towards renewable energy.

If global warming is to be halted, energy efficiency is a key factor as every unit of energy is equal to 3 unit of new energy produced and it is possible to cut down carbondioxide emission before we attain 2050.

GLOBAL WARMING LEADS TO THE MOTIONLESS OF WHEAT YIELDING IN INDIA

Ramesh, the minister of the state for Power jairam said that, because of the climatic change occurred in India, the production of the wheat in India has decayed during the past decades. He also said that, February is the pivotal month for deciding the goodness of wheat yield because, the temperature of north India have gone up utmost by 1to1.5 degree Celsius.

Pointing out the critical problems ceiled by our country, in the fields of agriculture, water supply etc he indicates that we are forced by the domestic imperatives. When he made a discussion with CEO members said that the energy propagation of India come from coal which is considered to be the one of the major source of carbon-di oxide.

As per the result, the green house gas leads to multiple the level of concentration in the atmosphere. Besides these he said that, the coal devouring was reduced by moving from sub-critical to super-critical technology. The new technique will definitely grab the carbon-di-oxide flue and it is being used to generate micro-algae which will used to produce oil.

FOREST ALERT: SUPPORT FINNISH NGOS IN THEIR FIGHT FOR LAPLAND'S ANCIENT FORESTS

The last unprotected intact forest landscapes in Northern Finland are currently being destroyed by the Finnish government and timber industry. Low-productive old-growth boreal forests located hundreds of kilometers north from the Polar Circle are being logged systematically. Trees more than 300 years old are mainly ending up in pulp wood piles of timber giant Stora Enso. Only less than 5% of Finnish forests have remained untouched by modern forestry.

The Finnish old-growth forest destruction today is totally unnecessary. Finland is a rich industrialized country with no economical need for logging the remains of its old-growth forests. Logging in old-growth forests is being carried out simply because government’s logging body Metsähallitus and forest industry have decided to wipe them out for short-term profit. Shockingly, these old-growth forest areas are providing less that 0.1% of the industry's wood supply.

Many of the areas being logged are over 50 000 hectares in size and are of global significance. In May 2006, Finnish NGOs published a report identifying the eight largest unprotected old-growth forest areas in Northern Finland's Forest Lapland region. NGOs, supported by over 250 leading Finnish scientists and researchers, urged protection of these last remnant old-growth forests. However, since December 2006, Finnish government has been logging these forests. Four out of five Finland's last intact forest landscapes are now deliberately being fragmented! Hundreds of habitats for red-listed species are to be destroyed.

Finnish pulp and paper giant Stora Enso buys most of the wood. While buying wood from intact forest landscapes and from habitats of threatened species, Stora Enso claims in its propaganda to be “committed into sustainability”. The logging is "certified" by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), purposefully misleading and completely confusing consumers regarding the environmental sustainability of first time logging of ancient forests.

This winter, Metsähallitus logging activities are more systematic and widespread than before. Logging is going on in four of the areas, and there are also plans for the remaining ones. Metsähallitus even attempts to justify their current logging by claiming these forests are not ecologically valuable, but have not presented any evidence to back up this claim. This senseless, destructive logging is trashing Finland’s reputation in environmental policy and is making the European Union's (EU) efforts in global forest protection seem ridiculous.

Finland has, as an EU member, committed to halting the loss of biodiversity by year 2010. In addition, Finland has committed to the Convention on Biological Diversity forest programme, which recommends that all countries take action to protect all remaining, large natural state forest areas by 2010. Logging large intact old-growth forest landscapes instead of protecting is clearly in conflict with Finland’s commitments.

Please, help Finnish NGOs to save Finland’s natural treasures and to put international pressure on their destructive forest industry. This is the latest protest in Ecological Internet's global campaign to protect all remaining old growth forests, and promote regeneration and restoration of secondary forests to late successional old-growth status. Increasing old forest cover globally is critical for achieving global ecological sustainability -- including climate, water and biodiversity.

RECYCLING PRODUCTS HELPS TO LEAD AN ECO-FRIENDLY LIFE STYLE

Environmentally friendly is otherwise known as “eco friendly” or “natural friendly “are usually refers to goods and services considered to inflict minimal harm on the environment. In order to create awareness among the consumers, environmentally friendly goods and services are often marked with eco-labels. Products and services awarded the Ecolabel carry the logo, which greatly helps the consumers both in private and public sector to identify them easily. Ecolabelling systems exist for both food and consumer products.

Eco friendly products usually help to avoid damaging the environment. The goals of an eco-friendly life style is to promote a green earth. The Green revolution tried to inspire people to save the earth, the trees, and life-sustaining ecologies. Unfortunately, modern societies are so far removed from the earth, the trees and the environment .It fails to change lifestyles because our lifestyles are so technologically fascinated with Cell Phones and iPods and get more reaction than anything else except for low cost, convenience, and saving money.Big energy counts on these old refrains to keep everyone rooted in modern world realities whenever "Green" threatens their little kingdoms.” Green living” is nothing but living eco- friendly life style that is nothing but leading a life with health and longevity for humans, plants and animals.

Eco- Technology describes the use of energy efficiency and clean energy in order to promote eco friendly lifestyles. Eco powered tech will give consumers what they want and deliver what they need. Eco movements create a tremendrous change in everyone’s lifestyles by wholeheartedly acknowledging the affordable eco technology because it will ensure a green future for this planet. Our planet is in trouble is a well-known fact known to everyone. Almost every day we hear a quite number of problems which totally affect our environment by means of pollution, acid rain, global warming, the destruction of rainforests and other wild habitats; it will decline extinction of thousands of species of animals and plants.

Many of us are very worried about the future of our planet and unless we find a remedy for solving the problems, our environment will suffer even more. In order to protect our environment from the dangerous zone every one of us, should do something to slow down .We cannot leave the problem entirely to the experts because each and every one have a their own responsibility for our environment. We must learn to live in a sustainable way i.e. learn to use our natural resources which include air, freshwater, forests, wildlife, farmland and seas without causing ill to them. As populations expands and lifestyles change, we must keep the World in good condition so that our future generations will follow the same way and get the same natural resources like us.

The advantages of using recycled promotional items are abundant. Most organisations and business enterprises are making use of these recycled promotional items for their betterment of business. No business organizations will eliminate the use of promotional items from their business marketing strategy these days. When any organisation invests on any product for the purpose of business promotion, they basically aim at making maximum profit out of it. The impact and effectiveness of using recycled promotional products have been proved to be much more than their regular counterparts.

Nowadays recycling promotional items have become a world wide fashion because people of today came to be aware of the endangerment of environment. The use of recycled promotional products is not only promoting business but also send the message of consciousness of environment. People respect the gesture of advertising with a noble cause. Organisations using recycled promotional products largely benefits the customers and clients. They are very much impressed by the quality recycled promotional products and at the same time they are convinced to buy the products for a social belief. Recycled promotional products are the remanufacture and reprocessing of potentially used materials and commodities. They are made from used leather, glass, wood, vending cups, paper, CD cassettes etc.

The manufacturing costs of these recycled products are very low as compared to the regular promotional gifts and products. These products are extremely economical and they attach a social beliefs with the aim of brand promotion. The ultimate advantage of using eco-friendly recycled promotional products is that, they are affordable. All business organizations are using recycled promotional products for their business promotion. Recycled promotional products are eco-friendly and helps to reduce the devouring of raw materials and maintain the ecological balance.

WTO DEAL ACHIEVABLE IN NEXT MONTHS: INDIA

DAVOS, Switzerland (AFP) — Indian Commerce Minister Kamal Nath said Thursday he was optimistic that the World Trade Organization could reach a new global free-trade deal in coming months. "I see that there are greater sensitivities and comprehension of each others problems," he told delegates at the Davos forum. "I am optimistic that in the next couple of months with intensive negotiations we should be able to close this round," he added, referring to the stalled Doha round of world trade talks launched in 2001.

Leading members had been considering a meeting in December to hammer out the outline of the world trade deal, but plans were scrapped when it became clear that consensus could not be reached. "The political space in December in the US was not adequate for them to be able to move," Nath said, pointing to the end of George W. Bush's presidency and the imminent handover to Barack Obama.

Nath called on the United States to take on the "leadership" role in the quest for a global free trade deal, saying that he is "convinced that the American administration will take a positive view on the Doha round." "We hope that the United States would take the leadership of the conclusion of the Round," said Nath. The Doha Round of negotiations were launched in the Qatari capital in 2001 to help poor countries take advantage of free and fair trade but have missed several deadlines due to a range of disagreements between the 153 WTO members.

But a deal has proved elusive as rich and poor countries fail to agree on market liberalisation and subsidies. Nath stressed that the ongoing financial crisis has highlighted the importance of having such an accord, warning that some countries are beginning to adopt protectionist measures.
"Protectionism remains a threat ... I am convinced that in the long term, protectionist will not help the economic situation in any country," he said.

A traditional informal meeting of trade ministers in Davos is planned for Saturday, according to a spokesman for the WTO, but the talks will be hamstrung by the absence of the US negotiator.

WTO DEAL ACHIEVABLE IN NEXT MONTHS: INDIA

DAVOS, Switzerland (AFP) — Indian Commerce Minister Kamal Nath said Thursday he was optimistic that the World Trade Organization could reach a new global free-trade deal in coming months. "I see that there are greater sensitivities and comprehension of each others problems," he told delegates at the Davos forum. "I am optimistic that in the next couple of months with intensive negotiations we should be able to close this round," he added, referring to the stalled Doha round of world trade talks launched in 2001.

Leading members had been considering a meeting in December to hammer out the outline of the world trade deal, but plans were scrapped when it became clear that consensus could not be reached. "The political space in December in the US was not adequate for them to be able to move," Nath said, pointing to the end of George W. Bush's presidency and the imminent handover to Barack Obama.

Nath called on the United States to take on the "leadership" role in the quest for a global free trade deal, saying that he is "convinced that the American administration will take a positive view on the Doha round." "We hope that the United States would take the leadership of the conclusion of the Round," said Nath. The Doha Round of negotiations were launched in the Qatari capital in 2001 to help poor countries take advantage of free and fair trade but have missed several deadlines due to a range of disagreements between the 153 WTO members.

But a deal has proved elusive as rich and poor countries fail to agree on market liberalisation and subsidies. Nath stressed that the ongoing financial crisis has highlighted the importance of having such an accord, warning that some countries are beginning to adopt protectionist measures.
"Protectionism remains a threat ... I am convinced that in the long term, protectionist will not help the economic situation in any country," he said.

A traditional informal meeting of trade ministers in Davos is planned for Saturday, according to a spokesman for the WTO, but the talks will be hamstrung by the absence of the US negotiator.

INDIA YET TO TAP 80 PC OF SMALL HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL

Thiruvananthapuram (PTI): India is yet to tap 80 per cent of its estimated Small Hydropower Potential (SHP) of 15,000 MW, which can be a major source of environment-friendly and cost-effective electricity generation. Tapping SHP is all the more important now as global warming is posing a threat to the environment, throwing up vital issues like drinking water scarcity, according to energy management expert Dr V K Damodaran.
Of the country's estimated SHP of 15,000, only 16 per cent has been developed so far. At least 50 per cent could be developed immediately, Dr.Damodaran, Vice-chairman of Kerala Energy Management Centre, said in a paper presented to the national workshop on Global Warming here recently.
This could be done with private participation or community involvement. "What is expected from the Government is proper, pro-active policies to facilitate development of SHPs",he said.
As done by European Union recently and China some 50 years back, framework directives should be put in place on simultaneous and multi-purpose use of water resources, he told PTI.
Hydro electricity is the world's leading source of renewable energy, supplying 19 per cent of electricity. But SHP accounts for only 10 to 12 per cent of hydel power, though it accounts for 63 per cent of renewable energy sources.
The greatest advantage of SHP over other sources of electricity is that it is most environment-friendly. When an SHP produces on kWh electricity, its environmental impact is 300 times less than with lignite, 250 times lower than coal, 125 times less than uranium and 50 times less compared to natural gas, he said.

UNITED STATES MUST LEAD WORLD ON CLIMATE

US vice president Al Gore called Wednesday for urgent new US leadership on climate change, "reversing years of inaction," and paving the way to a new global treaty completed by 2010. Gore urged US lawmakers to quickly pass President Barack Obama's economic stimulus package, highlighting its environmental investments as "a down payment" on clean energy and a job-creating boon amid a paralzying recession.
"How can we afford not to do this?" the Nobel Peace Prize laureate and Oscar winner, who jokingly called himself "a recovering politician," told the packed hearing room of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
"In order to repower our economy, restore American economic and moral leadership in the world and regain control of our destiny, we must take bold action now," Gore declared. The committee chairman, Democratic Senator John Kerry, had asked Gore to help map the way through year-long negotiations leading to global climate change treaty talks in December in Copenhagen.
With the lights dimmed, Gore made a dramatic keynote presentation of 57 slides, featuring vanishing polar ice caps, melting glaciers, grim droughts, devastating deforestation, and apocalyptic future costs of inaction.
"This is the one challenge that could completely end human civilization," he said, urging lawmakers to reject "false choices" between the American lifestyle and fighting global warming. Gore also underlined that major developing countries like China must shoulder their share of any burdens emerging from the Copenhagen talks, which aim at crafting a treaty replacing the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.
"This treaty must be negotiated this year. Not next year. This year," said the former vice president. If Congress "acts right away" to pass Obama's stimulus plan and "takes decisive action this year" to cap carbon emissions, the US delegation to the Danish capital will enjoy "renewed authority to lead the world in shaping a fair and effective treaty," said the former vice president.
"A fair, effective and balanced treaty will put in place the global architecture that will place the world -- at long last and in the nick of time -- on a path toward solving the climate crisis and securing the future of human civilization," he said. Gore praised Obama's stimulus plan for including environment-friendly items such as investments in energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy grid improvements and a shift to "clean cars."
"These crucial investments will create millions of new jobs and hasten our economic recovery -- while strengthening our national security and beginning to solve the climate crisis," said Gore.
The high-profile appearance came as Democratic lawmakers, bolstered by their broad majorities in Congress and new control of White House, have signaled they will take a more aggressive role in battling climate change than under Obama's predecessor, George W. Bush.
Obama on Monday signed measures to encourage production of fuel-efficient cars and vowing to lead the fight against global warming. In another sign of change, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton picked a veteran of the Kyoto Protocol talks as her envoy for climate change, as world leaders target a historic global warming pact this year.
Bush rejected the Kyoto Protocol in 2001 dealing a blow to global climate change efforts, warning it would deal damage the US economy and could not work unless global efforts imposed pollution limits on rising powers such as China and India.The Clinton administration agreed the Protocol in 1997 but never submitted it for ratification by the Senate -- where a 95-0 vote before it was finalized found not one senator willing to sign on to its principles.

Steps to reduce global warming

Prevention is better than Cure

Nowadays the global warming is a real threat to the people because it has already disrupts millions of the lives of people in the form of natural disasters such as earthquake, flood, volcano eruption and so on. The global warming is nothing but an indication of cosmic climatic change .This is caused heavily because of the activities of the human being. They are creating an excess of green house gases which emits heat into the atmosphere and finally leads to the global warming. These green house gases naturally cover the earth and keep it above 33 degree Celsius warmer than it would be without these gases in the atmosphere. Many of the greenhouse gases occur naturally due to water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Our children and the grand children are greatly affected by the consequence of global-warming. In order to reduce the increasing level of global warming and to protect the lives of people, we should take proper measures otherwise people will surely be an apparent to famine, water shortage, extreme weather condition, loss of plants and animals and so on.

Implement the suggested steps to reduce global warming and make changes in your own way of life style which will make a wide difference:

• Drive fuel-efficient vehicles like bicycle, carpooling- it is nothing but driving with someone to a particular place that you are both going to. Doing this will minimizes the amount of greenhouse gases put into the air by a car. Walk whenever possible instead of taking car, bikes etc. Transportations like bus, train and other forms also lowed the emission of greenhouse gases. Try to use electric vehicle which will help you to prevent further global warming.

• Replace all the incandescent that is bright light bulbs into the fluorescent light and save the maximum number of carbon-di-oxide per year.

• Trees plantation is one of the greatest ways to reduce global warming. Carbon emission and pollution is balanced by sapling trees and plants. Plants like bamboo have a faster growth and produce 35% more oxygen than others. Avoid planting a problematic species like Silver Maple, Willows, Aspens and Cottonwood because these plants will cause a rapid damage.

• Whenever you make an experiment with solar power, try to use a solar plank or board.

• Don’t forget to replace your car- filters once in a month. It helps you to control the pollution caused by the vehicle and leads to improve your mileage smoothier. Keep your car tuned up, and check tire pressure often to save gas.

• Try to take a meatless meals 2 to 3 times a week because livestock are responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions than transportation. Eat less meat and more organic food your diet to do your part in preventing global warming. Vegetarian foods always help us to lead a healthier longevity life style.

• When you are going to buy a new home appliances like refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioners etc, it is the best to Choose the energy-efficient appliances.

• Reduce travelling through the flight, and other airways travel.

• Always wash your clothes in cold water and dry it in air whenever possible.

• To prevent Global Warming we must lowed the amount of the emissions of carbon dioxide world wide to less than one tenth of what they are today.

• Try to use laptops because it’ll take much less energy than the desktop.

• Use a low-flow shower, which will lower the level of hot water used and don’t drop your water pressure in the shower.

• Always try to dispatch your garbage and try to buy fewer packaged materials to reduce further global warming from the garbages.

• Unplug electronics when they are not in use, because they still take up energy. At the very least, get into the practice of turn items off when they’re not being used.

• Run the dishwasher and clothes washer only when you have a full load, and it is also advisible to use the energy-saving setting if available.

• The biggest sources of global warming causing gases in most of the houses comes from heating, cooling, and using electricity for various purpose. Protecting our home from global warming requires a draft free windows and doors. Small gaps in your windows and doors can cause you to absorb more energy than you really need to heat and cool your home temperature. To make your home free from drafts stay until a cold day, then hold your hand along the edges of your doors and windows feeling for cold air. You have to buy weather stripping from your local hardware store and install it in case of while detecting the draft.
• Buy recycled paper products and recycle as much of your waste as possible. Educate and encourage your neighbors to recycling their products because maximum number of people are not doing it.

• Bring your own reusable grocery bags, refillable beverage bottles and travel mugs while your shopping.

• Use non-toxic cleaning products, which will gives you an honest power-packed clean without toxins, petrochemicals, bleach, ammonia, phosphates or other harmful ingredients.

• Educate the younger generation about the values of earth, nature and highlight the vital role played by each and every citizen in the society in order to reduce the cause of global warming, because they are the future ruler of this universe.

• Shop locally for foods and other consumable goods. A farmer’s market is an excellent place to visit and buy goods in a economical price. And choose fresh food over frozen foods. Fresh takes less energy to produce.

• The people in the world are slowly aware of the critical problem that is global warming. However many are still in doubt. If you can promote the idea and show others that you care, the needed government action is more likely to be taken.

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